Black Molds and Melanized Yeasts Pathogenic to Humans

Area of Science:

• Medical Mycology
• Infectious Diseases
• Dermatology

Background:

• Melanized fungi, historically termed "phaeoid" or "dematiaceous" fungi, are increasingly recognized as human pathogens.
• These fungi encompass diverse species, including those with budding cells and strictly filamentous forms.
• They are classified within seven fungal orders, with Chaetothyriales and Pleosporales being particularly significant in human infections.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the spectrum of human infections caused by melanized fungi.
• To highlight the clinical manifestations and etiological agents involved.
• To underscore the challenges in managing these chronic and often invasive fungal diseases.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on melanized fungi and human infections.
• Classification of fungal species based on current taxonomic understanding.
• Analysis of infection types, ranging from superficial to systemic.

Main Results:

• Infections caused by melanized fungi present a wide clinical spectrum, from cutaneous and pulmonary colonization to systemic invasion.
• Subcutaneous infections can lead to significant host tissue proliferation in the dermis and epidermis.
• Notably, species within the Chaetothyriales order can cause subcutaneous and systemic infections even in immunocompetent individuals.
• These infections are predominantly chronic, necessitating extensive antifungal therapy and/or surgical intervention.

Conclusions:

• Melanized fungi represent a significant group of pathogens causing diverse and challenging human infections.
• Early diagnosis and prolonged management strategies are crucial for successful treatment outcomes.
• Further research into the pathogenesis and treatment of these infections is warranted.