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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear optics
    • Laser physics
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Second harmonic generation (SHG) is a key nonlinear optical process.
    • Hermite-Gauss beams offer unique spatial profiles.
    • Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is a standard material for SHG.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the spatial structure of second harmonic light diffracted from a first-order Hermite-Gauss beam.
    • To explore the influence of focusing conditions and crystal temperature on the diffracted beam.
    • To examine the effect of beam position relative to domain walls in PPLN.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental generation and characterization of second harmonic light.
    • Theoretical modeling of nonlinear optical interactions.
    • Utilizing a first-order Hermite-Gauss beam.
    • Employing a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal near birefringent phase matching.

    Main Results:

    • The nonlinear diffracted second harmonic beam exhibits spatial structuring, unlike the fundamental Gaussian beam case.
    • The beam's spatial profile is dependent on focusing conditions (loose vs. tight).
    • Crystal temperature significantly influences the diffracted beam's structure.
    • For tight focusing, the beam structure is sensitive to its position relative to the crystal's domain wall.

    Conclusions:

    • The spatial structure of second harmonic light from Hermite-Gauss beams is controllable.
    • Focusing conditions and crystal properties dictate the nonlinear diffracted beam's characteristics.
    • This work provides insights into structured light generation in nonlinear crystals.