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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals dynamic changes in lncRNA expression during reprogramming.

Daniel H Kim1, Georgi K Marinov1, Shirley Pepke2

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|January 10, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular reprogramming activates specific long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that regulate gene expression and metabolism. These findings reveal lncRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and molecular biology

Background:

  • Cellular reprogramming demonstrates the dynamic nature of epigenetic modifications in somatic cells.
  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in epigenetic regulation.
  • The specific functions of lncRNAs in the process of cell fate reprogramming remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression patterns and functional roles of lncRNAs during cellular reprogramming to pluripotency.
  • To identify specific lncRNAs involved in early reprogramming events and their regulatory functions.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing was employed to profile gene expression, including 437 lncRNAs, across reprogramming stages.
  • Self-organizing maps (SOMs) were utilized for structuring and analyzing single-cell transcriptome data.
  • Loss-of-function experiments were conducted to determine the impact of specific lncRNAs on gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Hundreds of lncRNAs were found to be activated during the early stages of reprogramming, coinciding with Ras signaling pathway activation.
  • Activated lncRNAs were shown to repress lineage-specific genes.
  • Certain lncRNAs activated across multiple reprogramming cell types were identified as regulators of metabolic gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular reprogramming involves the activation of distinct sets of functionally significant lncRNAs.
  • These lncRNAs play crucial roles in modulating gene expression, including lineage-specific and metabolic genes.
  • The study provides a valuable transcriptomic resource for future research into the dynamic mechanisms of cell state reprogramming.