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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Gonadotrophins: The future.

Madhuri Patil1

  • 1Department of Reproductive Medicine, Dr. Patil's Fertility and Endoscopy Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
|January 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Simplified assisted reproductive technology (ART) protocols, including new follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) analogues and luteinizing hormone (LH) therapies, aim to reduce patient burden and improve IVF treatment effectiveness and cost-efficiency.

Keywords:
Assisted reproductive technologycorifollitropin alfagonadotrophinsovulation inductionstimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Background:

  • Current in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocols can be burdensome for women, potentially leading to treatment discontinuation.
  • Frequent injections and complex regimens increase patient stress and error rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore strategies for making ART treatments safer, more patient-friendly, and cost-effective.
  • To identify methods for improving treatment compliance and reducing side effects in IVF cycles.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating novel drug delivery systems for fertility medications, such as longer-acting FSH analogues.
  • Examining the use of adjuvant recombinant human luteinizing hormone (r-HLH) for precise LH bioactivity control.
  • Researching new parenteral, transdermal, inhaled, and oral fertility drug formulations.

Main Results:

  • Shorter, simpler treatment regimens with optimized oocyte recovery can lead to better embryo development and higher success rates.
  • Longer half-life FSH analogues offer improved efficiency, fewer side effects, and easier administration, enhancing patient compliance.
  • Adjuvant r-HLH allows for controlled LH dosing within the therapeutic window, supporting optimal ovarian response.

Conclusions:

  • Development of simplified ART protocols and novel drug formulations is crucial for improving patient experience and treatment outcomes.
  • Innovations in drug delivery and hormonal support aim to reduce the burden of IVF, increase compliance, and enhance cost-effectiveness.
  • Future research focuses on developing more convenient and effective fertility treatments to further simplify ART for patients.