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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Charting a map through the cellular reprogramming landscape.

Lu Wen1, Fuchou Tang1

  • 1Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

Cell Stem Cell
|March 10, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used mass cytometry to map the molecular details of somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This study provides a detailed roadmap to understand the complex cellular conversion process.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Molecular mechanisms

Background:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is crucial for regenerative medicine.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms is limited by low efficiency and cellular heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed molecular roadmap of the somatic cell reprogramming process.
  • To overcome limitations in analyzing reprogramming efficiency and heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mass cytometry for high-throughput, single-cell analyses.
  • Applied advanced analytical techniques to dissect cellular heterogeneity during reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Generated a comprehensive molecular profile of cells undergoing reprogramming.
  • Identified key molecular events and cell states associated with efficient iPSC generation.

Conclusions:

  • Mass cytometry offers a powerful approach to study complex cellular processes like reprogramming.
  • The detailed molecular roadmap facilitates further investigation into optimizing iPSC generation.