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Updated: Apr 12, 2026
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Presenting Numeric Information with Percentages and Descriptive Risk Labels: A Randomized Trial
Aleksandr Sinayev1, Ellen Peters1, Martin Tusler1
1Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (AS, EP, MT)
Summary
Presenting medication adverse effects (AEs) as percentages with risk labels significantly improves understanding and willingness to use drugs. This format is more effective than frequency or percentage alone for patient comprehension.
Area of Science:
- Health Communication
- Medical Decision Making
- Patient Education
Background:
- Previous studies show numeric adverse effect (AE) information enhances medication comprehension and use.
- The optimal numeric format for presenting AE likelihoods remained undetermined.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare four numeric formats for presenting medication adverse effect likelihoods.
- To determine which format maximizes risk comprehension and willingness to use medication across different age and numeracy levels.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional internet survey with 368 participants was conducted.
- Respondents reviewed a hypothetical cholesterol medication with AEs presented in percentage, frequency, percentage + risk label, or frequency + risk label formats.
- Key outcomes measured were risk comprehension and willingness to use the medication.
Main Results:
- The percentage + risk label format yielded the highest comprehension (95%) and willingness to use (mean 3.3) compared to other formats.
- Comprehension differences between percentage and frequency formats were less pronounced in individuals with lower numeracy skills.
- The use of risk labels reduced the impact of age and numeracy on medication willingness.
Conclusions:
- Numeric adverse effect information presented as percentages with risk labels enhances medication risk comprehension and user willingness.
- This format is recommended for improving patient understanding and adherence to prescribed medications.
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