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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
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Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Adrenal mild hypercortisolism.

Gillian M Goddard1, Aarti Ravikumar2, Alice C Levine2

  • 1The Hilda and J. Lester Gabrilove Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Lennox Hill Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, New York, NY 10075, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|June 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adrenal incidentalomas can cause mild hypercortisolism (subclinical Cushing syndrome), linked to metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular risks. Early diagnosis and management are crucial for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
AdrenalAdrenal incidentalomaCortisolCushing syndromeMild hypercortisolismSubclinical Cushing syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Adrenal incidentalomas are increasingly detected due to widespread abdominal imaging.
  • A significant proportion (up to one-third) may exhibit mild hypercortisolism, also known as subclinical Cushing syndrome.
  • Subclinical Cushing syndrome is associated with adverse health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of mild hypercortisolism.
  • To discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical associations of this condition.
  • To explore available treatment options for mild hypercortisolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on adrenal incidentalomas and mild hypercortisolism.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and imaging findings.
  • Review of epidemiological data and clinical outcome studies.

Main Results:

  • Mild hypercortisolism is linked to increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular events.
  • Associated with higher mortality rates.
  • Diagnosis requires careful evaluation of hormonal secretion and clinical presentation.

Conclusions:

  • Mild hypercortisolism, often associated with adrenal incidentalomas, poses significant health risks.
  • Further research is needed to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • Management should focus on mitigating associated comorbidities and improving long-term prognosis.