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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

Robotic surgery for thyroid disease.

C R Lee¹, W Y Chung

¹Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea - woungyounc@yuhs.ac.

Minerva Chirurgica

|July 8, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Robotic thyroidectomy offers a safe and feasible alternative to traditional open surgery for thyroid disease, providing functional benefits and reducing cosmetic concerns like neck scarring.

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Last Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Published on: September 15, 2023

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Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

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Published on: January 31, 2025

Area of Science:

Surgical Oncology
Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

Conventional open thyroidectomy often results in visible anterior neck scars.
Endoscopic thyroidectomy was developed to improve cosmetic outcomes and reduce nerve-related side effects.
Limitations of endoscopic techniques have driven the development of new surgical approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate robotic thyroidectomy as a novel surgical approach for differentiated thyroid cancer.
To compare the benefits of robotic thyroidectomy with conventional open methods.

Main Methods:

Robotic thyroidectomy, a relatively new technique.
Application in managing various thyroid diseases, including differentiated thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

Robotic thyroidectomy is a feasible and safe alternative for thyroid disease management.
This approach offers significant functional benefits over conventional open surgery.
Increasing adoption for advanced cases indicates its expanding role.

Conclusions:

Robotic thyroidectomy is a promising advancement in thyroid surgery.
The technique provides superior functional outcomes and addresses cosmetic concerns.
Its expanding applications suggest a future shift in the thyroid surgery paradigm.