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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder
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Sacral Neuromodulation for Genitourinary Problems.

Mai Banakhar, Magdy Hassouna

    Progress in Neurological Surgery
    |September 23, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) offers a minimally invasive treatment for urinary dysfunction. This therapy involves implanting a device to modulate sacral nerves, with a trial period before permanent placement.

    Area of Science:

    • Urology
    • Neurology
    • Medical Devices

    Background:

    • Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a minimally invasive therapy for voiding dysfunction.
    • It is FDA-approved for refractory overactive bladder and nonobstructive urinary retention.
    • Investigational uses include painful bladder syndrome, chronic pelvic pain, and neurogenic voiding dysfunction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy for functional urinary disorders.
    • To describe the device insertion technique for SNM.
    • To highlight potential pitfalls associated with SNM device implantation.

    Main Methods:

    • Discussion of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy principles.
    • Description of electrode placement in the sacral foramen (S3/S4).

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  • Explanation of the test trial period and permanent pulse generator connection.

    • Main Results:

    • SNM demonstrates efficacy in approved indications like overactive bladder.
    • Favorable responses suggest potential for broader applications in functional urinary disorders.
    • The procedure involves electrode insertion and a trial period prior to definitive implantation.

    Conclusions:

    • Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a viable treatment for various voiding dysfunctions.
    • Proper technique and awareness of potential pitfalls are crucial for successful SNM implantation.
    • Further research may expand SNM applications for complex pelvic floor disorders.