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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

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Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...
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Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

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Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
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Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram01:25

Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram

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Luminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy, is a process that involves the interaction of molecules with light. The energy-level diagram, or Jablonski diagram, is a graphical representation of these interactions, illustrating the various states and transitions a molecule can undergo. In a typical Jablonski diagram, the lowest horizontal line represents the ground-state energy of the molecule, which is usually a singlet state. This state represents the energies...
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Moving Toward the Ground State.

Ishan Kumar1, Natalia Ivanova1

  • 1Yale Stem Cell Center and Department of Genetics, Yale University, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|October 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adding Mek and Gsk3β inhibitors (2i) to mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) induces significant transcriptional and epigenetic shifts, promoting ground-state pluripotency. Two studies reveal insights into ESC population structures and the mechanisms of 2i-mediated reprogramming.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular reprogramming

Background:

  • Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be shifted to a 'ground-state' of pluripotency.
  • This transition involves significant transcriptional and epigenetic alterations.
  • Specific inhibitors, Mek and Gsk3β (2i), are known to induce this state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the population structures of ESCs under 2i conditions.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving regulatory network rewiring during 2i-mediated reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ESC population structures.
  • Unraveling mechanisms of regulatory network rewiring.
  • Utilizing Mek and Gsk3β inhibitors (2i) for reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Characterization of ESC population dynamics during reprogramming.
  • Identification of key regulatory network changes induced by 2i.
  • Demonstration of a shift towards ground-state pluripotency.

Conclusions:

  • 2i treatment profoundly impacts ESC transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes.
  • Understanding these reprogramming mechanisms is crucial for stem cell applications.
  • Further research can build upon these findings for controlled pluripotency induction.