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Related Concept Videos

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research01:21

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Human stem cell-based disease modeling: prospects and challenges.

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Human stem cell models show promise for studying diseases. Advanced genome editing and organoid cultures, like intestinal organoids, create better models for complex human genetic disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Stem cell biology
  • Disease modeling

Background:

  • Human stem cell-based models offer potential for understanding diseases.
  • Current models face challenges in replicating disease manifestation timing and tissue microenvironments.
  • Animal models often incompletely recapitulate human disease pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore advanced methods for improving in vitro disease modeling.
  • To highlight the role of genome editing and organoid cultures in disease modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing human stem cells derived from patients with genetic disorders.
  • Employing advanced genome editing tools for precise genetic manipulation.
  • Developing and utilizing human organoid cultures, exemplified by intestinal organoids.

Main Results:

  • Genetically defined human stem cell and organoid models were developed.
  • These advanced models successfully recapitulate disease phenotypes in vitro.
  • Overcoming limitations of conventional monolayer cultures and animal models.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced genome editing in human stem cells and organoid cultures significantly enhances disease modeling capabilities.
  • Intestinal organoids serve as a key example for creating genetically defined models that mimic human disease pathologies.
  • These improved models hold promise for advancing our understanding of complex genetic disorders.