microRNAs and Personalized Medicine: Evaluating Their Potential as Cancer Biomarkers

microRNA deregulations are often, if not invariably, associated with human malignancies, including cancers. Though most of these deregulations may not be functionally implicated in tumorigenesis, the fact that microRNA expression can be monitored in a variety of human specimens, including biological fluids, supports studies aimed at characterizing microRNA signatures able to detect various cancers (diagnosis), predict their outcome (prognosis), monitor their treatment (theranosis), and adapt therapy to a patient (precision medicine). Here, we review and discuss pros and cons of microRNA-based approaches that can support their exploitation as cancer biomarkers.