Mass production of graphene nanoscrolls and their application in high rate performance supercapacitors

The output of graphene nanoscrolls (GNSs) has been greatly enhanced to the gram-level by using an improved spray-freeze-drying method without damaging the high transforming efficiency (>92%). The lowest bulk density of GNS foam reaches 0.10 mg cm(-3). Due to the unique morphology and high specific surface area (386.4 m(2) g(-1)), the specific capacitances of the GNSs (90-100 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1)) are all superior to those of multiwalled carbon nanotubes meanwhile maintaining excellent rate capabilities (60-80% retention at 50 A g(-1)). For the first time, all-graphene-based films (AGFs) are fabricated via the intercalation of GNSs into graphene layers. The AGF exhibits a capacitance of 166.8 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1) and rate capability (83.9% retention at 50 A g(-1)) better than those of pure reduced graphene oxide (RGO) films and carbon nanotubes/graphene hybrid films (CGFs).