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Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer
Published on: March 2, 2020
J M Pearce1, N C Anzalone2, C L Heldt3
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA pearce@mtu.edu.
This study presents an open-source 3-D printable upgrade for RepRap printers, transforming them into wax printers for low-cost paper-based microfluidics. This innovation drastically reduces prototyping costs, accelerating research in electrochemical detection and lab-on-a-chip applications.
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