Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

4.3K
Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
4.3K
Entropy02:39

Entropy

34.7K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
34.7K
Entropy01:18

Entropy

3.4K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.4K
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

8.2K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
8.2K
Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

23.8K
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
23.8K
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

3.1K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Demonstrating real-time and low-latency quantum error correction with superconducting qubits.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Noise-induced shallow circuits and the absence of barren plateaus.

Nature physics·2026
Same author

Measurement-Driven Quantum Advantages in Shallow Circuits.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Learning quantum states of continuous-variable systems.

Nature physics·2025
Same author

Large-scale stochastic simulation of open quantum systems.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

In the Shadow of the Hadamard Test: Using the Garbage State for Good and Further Modifications.

Physical review letters·2025
Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids
10:20

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids

Published on: November 18, 2022

3.1K

Renormalizing Entanglement Distillation.

Stephan Waeldchen1, Janina Gertis1, Earl T Campbell2

  • 1Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|January 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Entanglement distillation can now account for memory channel correlations. This new framework proves convergence to maximally entangled states, crucial for quantum repeaters and key distribution.

More Related Videos

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.9K
A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles
12:51

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles

Published on: November 14, 2015

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids
10:20

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids

Published on: November 18, 2022

3.1K
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.9K
A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles
12:51

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles

Published on: November 14, 2015

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Entanglement distillation is key for quantum repeaters and quantum key distribution.
  • Standard protocols assume independent, identically distributed entangled pairs, neglecting memory channel correlations.
  • Memory channels introduce correlations that challenge traditional entanglement distillation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a framework for entanglement distillation that incorporates correlations from memory channels.
  • To analyze entanglement distillation under realistic conditions with natural correlations.
  • To prove convergence to highly entangled states in the presence of such correlations.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of concepts from condensed-matter physics (renormalization, matrix-product states/operators).
  • Application of local entanglement manipulation, Markov chain mixing, and quantum error correction.
  • Development of a matrix-product operator renormalization flow.

Main Results:

  • A novel framework for entanglement distillation in the presence of memory channel correlations.
  • Identification of parameter regions ensuring convergence to maximally entangled states.
  • Demonstration that maximally entangled states emerge as fixed points of the renormalization flow.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework provides a more realistic model for entanglement distillation.
  • This work advances quantum repeater protocols by addressing memory effects.
  • The findings are significant for achieving long-distance quantum communication and secure quantum key distribution.