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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Localization from Superselection Rules in Translationally Invariant Systems.

Isaac H Kim1, Jeongwan Haah2

  • 1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada.

Physical Review Letters
|January 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Localized states in the cubic code model emerge below critical perturbation strength. Energy concentrates around defects, persisting due to an emergent superselection rule, not disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum information theory
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Topological phases of matter

Background:

  • The cubic code model is a key theoretical framework in quantum error correction and topological quantum computation.
  • Understanding the behavior of quantum states under perturbations is crucial for robust quantum technologies.
  • Previous studies often focused on disordered systems or specific types of perturbations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of arbitrary extensive perturbations on the cubic code model.
  • To determine the conditions under which quantum states in this model exhibit localization.
  • To identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for state localization and its persistence.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the cubic code model subjected to general extensive perturbations.
  • Characterization of quantum states' energy distribution and temporal stability.
  • Identification of emergent superselection rules and local integrals of motion.
  • Extension of the analysis to systems with immobile topological excitations.

Main Results:

  • Below a critical perturbation strength, most finite-energy states demonstrate localization.
  • A vast majority of these localized states concentrate energy around a limited number of defects.
  • State localization persists for a duration exponentially dependent on the defect separation.
  • This localization occurs due to an emergent superselection rule, independent of system disorder.
  • Local integrals of motion were identified for these finite energy sectors.

Conclusions:

  • Arbitrary extensive perturbations can induce robust state localization in the cubic code model.
  • Emergent superselection rules provide a mechanism for localization without disorder.
  • The findings have implications for the stability and control of topological quantum information.
  • The analysis framework is applicable to broader classes of systems with topological excitations.