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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem Cells Expand Insights into Human Brain Evolution.

Michael A Dyer1

  • 1Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|April 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human brain evolution and cognitive differences may stem from neuron count expansion. This study used brain organoids to investigate how cortical progenitor proliferation differences contribute to primate brain evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cognitive divergence between humans and primates is linked to cerebral cortex neuron expansion.
  • The precise mechanisms driving this neuronal expansion remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending primate brain evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of species-specific differences in cortical progenitor proliferation in primate cortical evolution.
  • To utilize human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived brain organoids as a model system.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of human PSC-derived brain organoids.
  • Comparative analysis of cortical progenitor proliferation between different primate species (implied).
  • Microscopic and potentially molecular analyses of organoid development.

Main Results:

  • The study identified species-specific differences in the proliferation rates of cortical progenitor cells.
  • These differences in proliferation dynamics were linked to the expansion of the cerebral cortex.
  • Brain organoids recapitulated key aspects of primate cortical development.

Conclusions:

  • Species-specific regulation of cortical progenitor proliferation is a key mechanism driving cerebral cortex expansion during primate evolution.
  • PSC-derived brain organoids provide a valuable platform for studying human brain evolution.
  • This research sheds light on the developmental basis of cognitive differences between primates.