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Related Concept Videos

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to...
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation01:19

The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation

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A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
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Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
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Related Experiment Videos

DNA sequence-dependent ionic currents in ultra-small solid-state nanopores.

Jeffrey Comer1, Aleksei Aksimentiev2

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, P-213 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.

Nanoscale
|April 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA sequencing using nanopore blockade currents is challenging. This study reveals that DNA base sequence and conformation significantly impact ionic current, enabling better prediction and interpretation for nanopore DNA characterization.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Nanopore blockade currents offer a method for DNA sequencing.
  • Predicting and interpreting these currents based on DNA sequence remains difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how DNA sequence, conformation, and nanopore geometry influence ionic current.
  • To develop a theoretical model for predicting nanopore current based on DNA composition.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic resolution computational simulations of DNA in model solid-state nanopores.
  • Analysis of ionic current variations based on nucleotide triplets and conformations.

Main Results:

  • Blockade current depends on at least three consecutive nucleotides' identities and conformations.
  • Single-base substitutions can cause up to 25% current change in narrow nanopores.
  • A theoretical model correlating ion current with base content was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Nanopore ionic current is sensitive to DNA sequence and conformation, allowing for theoretical rationalization.
  • Compact DNA conformations in narrow pores enhance signal-to-noise for single-base detection.
  • Model predictions may require customization for specific nanopore types.