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Modeling Variable Phanerozoic Oxygen Effects on Physiology and Evolution.

Jeffrey B Graham1,2, Corey J Jew1,2,3, Nicholas C Wegner4,5,6

  • 1Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atmospheric oxygen levels influenced Earth's evolutionary history, but precise correlations are challenging. This study reframes understanding of oxygen's biological and physiological impacts over geological time.

Keywords:
EvolutionHyperoxiaHypoxiaOxygenPaleoatmospherePaleozoicTetrapod

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Geochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Geochemical estimates of atmospheric O2 levels over geologic time suggest links to major biosphere evolutionary events.
  • Correlations between atmospheric oxygen fluctuations (hyperoxia and hypoxia) and evolutionary milestones like radiations, innovations, and extinctions are often imprecise.
  • Previous hypotheses link Devonian hypoxia to vertebrate terrestriality, Carboniferous-Permian hyperoxia to tetrapod radiation and insect gigantism, and Permian oxygen decline to mass extinction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically re-evaluate the proposed correlations between atmospheric oxygen levels and significant biological events throughout Earth's history.
  • To address the limitations and uncertainties in existing paleo-oxygen models and their chronological alignment with biotic events.
  • To refocus scientific inquiry on the fundamental biological and physiological implications of oxygen changes across geological timescales.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critical analysis of existing geochemical data on paleo-atmospheric O2 concentrations.
  • Examination of the chronological overlap between proposed oxygen level changes and key evolutionary events (e.g., radiations, extinctions).
  • Consideration of physiological factors that modulate organismal response to oxygen, such as blood pigment affinity and respiratory/circulatory adaptations.

Main Results:

  • Significant uncertainties in the timing and magnitude of past oxygen level changes limit robust correlations with biotic events, especially outside the Late Paleozoic.
  • Existing atmospheric models exhibit variability and error, reducing confidence in specific correlations.
  • Physiological mechanisms like blood pigment modulation and adaptive respiratory/circulatory changes can maintain homeostasis independently of atmospheric oxygen levels.

Conclusions:

  • Direct correlations between atmospheric oxygen and major evolutionary events are problematic due to data imprecision and physiological buffering.
  • The role of endogenous physiological adaptations in mitigating or responding to oxygen fluctuations is often underestimated.
  • Further research should focus on refining paleo-oxygen data and exploring the complex interplay between environmental oxygen and biological evolution, considering physiological constraints and adaptations.