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Drag is a resistive force opposing an object’s motion through a fluid, resulting from surface pressure and shear forces. It comprises two components: a perpendicular one from pressure and a tangential one from shear stress. Accurate drag calculations use pressure and wall shear stress distributions, often determined through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) or wind tunnel testing. The drag coefficient, a dimensionless measure, depends on factors like shape, Reynolds number, Mach number,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Light-induced Patterning and Grafting for Slippery Surfaces based on Silane-coated Nanoporous Structures
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Bioinspired surfaces for turbulent drag reduction.

Kevin B Golovin1, James W Gose2, Marc Perlin2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|June 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) can reduce friction drag in turbulent flow. Optimal SHSs require streamwise-aligned features, high capillary resistance, and minimal roughness for effective drag reduction.

Keywords:
biomimeticsdrag reductionhierarchicalslipsuperhydrophobicturbulence

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Surface science
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) are known for drag reduction in laminar flow.
  • Turbulent flow presents unique challenges for SHS performance.
  • Biomimetic and scalable SHSs have complex textures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the design principles of SHSs for friction drag reduction in turbulent flow.
  • To analyze computational and experimental studies on SHS drag in turbulence.
  • To identify key parameters for effective drag reduction using SHSs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SHS design and performance.
  • Analysis of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.
  • Examination of experimental studies on SHS drag reduction.

Main Results:

  • Streamwise and spanwise slip effects are characterized for simple SHSs.
  • Complex textures of scalable SHSs can lead to no drag reduction or even drag increase.
  • Surface wettability, roughness, and scaling laws influence SHS performance in turbulence.

Conclusions:

  • Effective SHSs for turbulent flow need streamwise-aligned features for enhanced slip.
  • High capillary resistance (megapascals) and low non-dimensional roughness (≤0.5) are crucial.
  • Understanding surface properties is key to overcoming challenges in turbulent drag reduction.