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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices01:28

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

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Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
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Periorbital Injectables: Understanding and Avoiding Complications.

Catherine J Hwang1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Orbital & Oculofacial Plastic Surgery, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland OH, USA.

Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
|July 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Safe periorbital rejuvenation using neurotoxins and dermal fillers demands anatomical knowledge and proper techniques. Promptly recognizing and treating complications, like ischaemic effects, is crucial for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Periorbitalblindnesscomplicationfillershyaluronic acid gel fillerinjectableischaemic complicationsnon-ischaemic complications

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Dermatology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Aging causes changes around the eyes, addressed by neurotoxins and dermal fillers.
  • Effective periorbital rejuvenation relies on understanding anatomy and injection methods.
  • Complications from these treatments can be minimized with prompt recognition and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the safe and effective use of neurotoxins and dermal fillers for periorbital rejuvenation.
  • To highlight the importance of anatomical knowledge and injection techniques.
  • To discuss the recognition and treatment of potential complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of periorbital anatomy relevant to cosmetic injections.
  • Discussion of neurotoxin and dermal filler injection techniques.
  • Classification and management strategies for periorbital complications, including ischaemic and non-ischaemic effects.

Main Results:

  • Safe and effective rejuvenation requires precise anatomical understanding and injection techniques.
  • Complications, categorized as ischaemic or non-ischaemic, necessitate prompt identification.
  • Hyaluronidase may offer improved outcomes for intravascular hyaluronic acid filler complications.

Conclusions:

  • Mastery of periorbital anatomy and injection techniques is essential for safe and effective rejuvenation.
  • Timely recognition and management of complications are critical to minimize adverse effects.
  • Hyaluronidase presents a potential treatment for specific hyaluronic acid filler-related vascular events.