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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
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Insect Allergy.

Hobart Lee1, Sara Halverson1, Regina Mackey1

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University, 25455 Barton Road, Suite 209B, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.

Primary Care
|August 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Insect bites and stings are common, causing mild reactions but sometimes severe anaphylaxis. Prompt treatment with epinephrine and venom immunotherapy (VIT) can effectively manage severe insect sting reactions.

Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Toxicology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Insect bites and stings are frequent occurrences, with environmental exposure being a primary risk factor.
  • Reactions typically manifest as localized allergic responses, though severe systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis, can occur.
  • Common culprits include mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, biting midges, bees, and wasps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of insect bites and stings.
  • To highlight the potential for severe allergic reactions and the role of specific treatments.
  • To discuss the efficacy of venom immunotherapy (VIT) in preventing future systemic reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis based on patient history and physical examination.
Keywords:
Allergic reactionAnaphylaxisDiagnosisInsect bitesInsect stingsTreatmentVenom immunotherapy

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  • Identification of the biting or stinging insect when feasible.
  • Review of current management strategies, including supportive care and emergency treatment for anaphylaxis.

    • Main Results:

    • Most insect bites and stings result in minor local allergic reactions.
    • Severe local reactions and life-threatening systemic reactions like anaphylaxis are possible.
    • Venom immunotherapy (VIT) demonstrates high effectiveness in mitigating systemic reactions and anaphylaxis.

    Conclusions:

    • Insect sting management is primarily supportive, with critical interventions for anaphylaxis.
    • Early identification of the insect and prompt treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.
    • Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is a highly effective strategy for preventing recurrent severe reactions to insect stings.