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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Structural and functional quantitative susceptibility mapping from standard fMRI studies.

H Sun1, P Seres1, A H Wilman1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

NMR in Biomedicine
|October 1, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) can be performed within standard functional MRI (fMRI) studies. This technique provides both functional brain activity analysis and iron-sensitive structural maps of deep grey matter (DGM).

Keywords:
brain irondeep grey matterfMRIfunctional QSMquantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Standard functional MRI (fMRI) is a cornerstone for studying brain function, aging, and neurological diseases.
  • fMRI acquisitions, typically using gradient echo-planar imaging, contain phase data amenable to quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).
  • QSM offers iron-sensitive structural information, particularly in deep grey matter (DGM) regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dual utility of QSM within fMRI studies for both functional analysis and structural iron mapping in DGM.
  • To assess the feasibility and impact of fMRI spatial resolution and time series variation on structural DGM QSM.
  • To evaluate the potential of standard fMRI protocols for robust DGM iron quantification alongside functional assessments.

Main Methods:

  • A visual paradigm fMRI study was conducted on healthy volunteers at 1.5T and 4.7T.
  • Functional analysis of both magnitude and QSM time series was performed.
  • Structural QSM of iron-rich DGM (globus pallidus, putamen, caudate head, substantia nigra, red nucleus) was acquired and analyzed, examining effects of spatial resolution (voxel size ≤ 3 mm preferred) and time series variation.

Main Results:

  • Structural DGM QSM is feasible within standard fMRI studies when voxel dimensions are ≤ 3 mm, with higher resolutions being advantageous.
  • Mean DGM QSM values ranged from 40–220 ppb, with interquartile ranges of 3–9 ppb for time series variations.
  • Functional QSM (fQSM) changes in activated visual cortex were smaller (-10 to -30 ppb) and functional clusters were smaller compared to magnitude fMRI; fQSM was more susceptible to background fields.

Conclusions:

  • Standard fMRI studies can be utilized for robust mean-level DGM QSM, enabling the assessment of iron accumulation in DGM.
  • QSM provides complementary iron-sensitive structural information in addition to standard functional analysis within the same fMRI acquisition.
  • This dual-value approach enhances the utility of existing fMRI data for comprehensive brain studies.