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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Syndactyly Release.

Tara L Braun1, Jeffrey G Trost1, William C Pederson1

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Seminars in Plastic Surgery
|November 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Syndactyly release aims to restore hand function by creating normal webspaces and ensuring tension-free closure. Surgical outcomes are generally good for simple cases, but complex syndactyly may present more challenges.

Keywords:
commissure reconstructioncongenital hand anomaliesskin graftsyndactylyweb creep

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Plastic Surgery
  • Congenital Hand Anomalies
  • Surgical Reconstruction

Background:

  • Syndactyly, a common congenital hand anomaly, requires surgical intervention.
  • Established principles guide the timing and surgical approach for syndactyly release.
  • Surgical goals include anatomical webspace creation, tension-free closure, and functional restoration.

Approach:

  • Review of established and recent surgical methods for syndactyly separation.
  • Discussion of techniques utilizing local flaps and skin grafts.
  • Exploration of graftless reconstructive techniques for specific indications.

Key Points:

  • Standard syndactyly release prioritizes anatomical correction and functional recovery.
  • Local flaps and skin grafts are common reconstructive tools.
  • Graftless techniques offer alternatives for select cases.
  • Special considerations exist for complete, complex, and syndromic syndactylies.

Conclusions:

  • Simple syndactyly release typically yields favorable outcomes with adherence to surgical principles.
  • Complex syndactyly release is associated with a higher incidence of complications and less favorable results.