Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

947
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
947
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

469
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
469

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

From sudden perceptual learning to enduring engrams: a representational perspective.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same author

Exogenously Driven Neural Reactivation of Spatially Matching Visual Working-Memory Contents.

eNeuro·2026
Same author

Determinants of visual ambiguity resolution.

Communications psychology·2026
Same author

Unraveling the Autism Spectrum Heterogeneity: Insights From ABIDE I Database Using Data/Model-Driven Permutation Testing Approaches.

Brain and behavior·2026
Same author

Rapid computation of high-level visual surprise.

iScience·2025
Same author

Drift-diffusion modeling of accuracy and reaction times: A deeper insight into retrospective attention.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
12:49

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Published on: July 13, 2019

18.1K

Encoding, preparation and implementation of novel complex verbal instructions.

Carlos González-García1, Juan E Arco1, Ana F Palenciano1

  • 1Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, 18071 Granada, Spain.

Neuroimage
|January 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain represents novel instructions, like faces or letters, seconds before action. High-fidelity brain representations of these instructions correlate with better task performance, aiding rapid behavior.

Keywords:
Functional MRIHigh-level cognitionPreparationTask settingVerbal instructions

More Related Videos

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
11:47

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Published on: February 15, 2015

30.3K
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

6.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
12:49

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Published on: July 13, 2019

18.1K
Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
11:47

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Published on: February 15, 2015

30.3K
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

6.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Humans rapidly acquire and implement novel rules via verbal instructions.
  • Understanding the neural basis of pre-execution rule representation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate brain regions representing categorical stimulus information during instruction encoding, preparation, and execution.
  • Examine the link between representation fidelity and behavioral outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel instructions paradigm to isolate encoding, preparation, and execution stages.
  • Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with univariate and multivariate analyses.

Main Results:

  • Semantic content (faces vs. letters) of instructions was decodable from brain activity seconds before target onset.
  • Representation quality in domain-general and category-selective regions correlated with behavioral performance.

Conclusions:

  • Brain control mechanisms utilize pre-execution rule information for rapid behavioral adaptation.
  • Findings link instruction representation to prospective memory and future intention maintenance.