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Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

A Back Door to Cortical Development.

Gerd Kempermann¹

¹German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

|March 5, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a novel source of neurons contributing to mammalian brain development. Some cortical neurons originate from the meninges, suggesting an "outside-in" developmental pathway alongside the traditional "inside-out" process.

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Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

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Published on: April 3, 2013

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2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

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Published on: March 25, 2022

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Mammalian cortical development follows an "inside-out" pattern, with neurons generated from ventricular zone progenitors.
The precise origins of all cortical neurons are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate potential alternative sources of neurons during mammalian corticogenesis.
To explore the contribution of glial progenitors in the meninges to cortical development.

Main Methods:

Utilized lineage tracing techniques in mouse models.
Analyzed progenitor cell populations in the meninges and their progeny.

Main Results:

Identified a population of radial glia-like progenitors residing in the meninges.
Demonstrated that these meningeal progenitors generate a subset of cortical neurons.
These neurons integrate into the developing cortex, indicating an "outside-in" contribution.

Conclusions:

Cortical development is more complex than previously thought, involving both "inside-out" and "outside-in" mechanisms.
Meningeal progenitors represent a previously unrecognized source of neurons for the mammalian cortex.