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Related Concept Videos

Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400...
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Single-Digit Nanometer Electron-Beam Lithography with an Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
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Simulation in elemental mapping using aberration-corrected electron microscopy.

L J Allen1

  • 1School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.

Ultramicroscopy
|March 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Simulation is essential for interpreting atomic-scale elemental maps from aberration-corrected electron microscopes. Understanding the physics ensures accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of these increasingly common microscopy techniques.

Keywords:
Atomic resolution imagingElectron energy-loss spectroscopyElemental mappingEnergy-dispersive X-ray analysisEnergy-filtered transmission electron microscopy

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Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Aberration-corrected electron microscopy enables atomic-scale elemental mapping.
  • The interpretation of these maps requires a deep understanding of the underlying physical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of simulation in interpreting atomic-scale elemental maps.
  • To provide a framework for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of electron microscopy data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing computational simulations to model electron-sample interactions.
  • Comparing simulation results with experimental data from aberration-corrected electron microscopes.

Main Results:

  • Simulations provide crucial insights into the physics governing elemental mapping.
  • Accurate interpretation of elemental maps, both qualitatively and quantitatively, is achieved through simulation.

Conclusions:

  • Simulation is indispensable for the correct interpretation of atomic-scale elemental maps.
  • This approach enhances the reliability and accuracy of data obtained from advanced electron microscopy techniques.