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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.7K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

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Non-equilibrium supramolecular polymerization.

Alessandro Sorrenti1, Jorge Leira-Iglesias, Albert J Markvoort

  • 1University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. hermans@unistra.fr.

Chemical Society Reviews
|March 29, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review clarifies non-equilibrium self-assembly in supramolecular polymerization. It distinguishes between dissipative and non-dissipative states, offering tools to identify these complex structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional supramolecular polymerization focuses on thermodynamic equilibrium, where assembly pathways and rates are disregarded.
  • Recent advances emphasize kinetically trapped states, highlighting the crucial role of preparation methods and assembly kinetics.
  • Understanding these non-equilibrium states is vital for controlling the properties of self-assembled materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a framework for identifying different types of self-assembled states in supramolecular polymerization.
  • To clarify the terminology surrounding 'non-equilibrium self-assembly' by differentiating between dissipative and non-dissipative systems.
  • To offer tools for researchers to analyze and categorize self-assembled structures.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on supramolecular polymerization.
  • Development of a classification system for self-assembled states based on thermodynamic and kinetic principles.
  • Analysis of kinetic models to understand pathway selection and control in self-assembly.

Main Results:

  • Distinction established between dissipative non-equilibrium, non-dissipative non-equilibrium, and thermodynamic equilibrium states.
  • Demonstration that kinetically trapped states are highly dependent on preparation methods and assembly rates.
  • Identification of energy or mass dissipation as a key factor in maintaining systems away from equilibrium.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides essential tools for researchers to accurately describe and analyze various self-assembled states.
  • Clarifying 'non-equilibrium self-assembly' into distinct categories enhances understanding and predictive power in the field.
  • Focus on non-dissipative non-equilibrium states in one-dimensional supramolecular polymerization opens new avenues for material design.