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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Perspectives on Gene Regulatory Network Evolution.

Marc S Halfon1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; NY State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Program in Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|May 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary changes in gene regulatory networks (GRNs) drive animal development and species-specific traits. Understanding GRN evolution, including developmental system drift, is crucial for deciphering evolutionary mechanisms.

Keywords:
DSDGRNcis-regulatory moduledevelopmental system driftenhancer evolutionevodevo

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Animal development relies on gene regulatory networks (GRNs) comprising genes and cis-regulatory modules (CRMs).
  • Evolutionary changes in GRNs are fundamental to the emergence of species-specific traits and novel structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss various aspects of gene regulatory network evolution.
  • To highlight the importance of developmental system drift (DSD) within the context of GRN evolution.
  • To describe advancements in methods for discovering CRMs across diverse insect species.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research in animal models, with a focus on insects.
  • Analysis of GRN evolution mechanisms.
  • Description of novel methods for comparative CRM discovery.

Main Results:

  • GRN evolution is a key driver of animal novelty.
  • Developmental system drift, where genetic interactions change while phenotype is conserved, is a significant aspect of GRN evolution.
  • New methods facilitate detailed GRN characterization through CRM identification.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding GRN evolution is essential for explaining the diversity of animal life.
  • Developmental system drift offers a valuable perspective on conserved phenotypes arising from altered genetic underpinnings.
  • Advances in CRM discovery are critical for future GRN research.