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Magnetic Force

Magnetic Force

In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
The magnetic force acting on a moving charge...

Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux

The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
Suppose a surface is divided into elements of area dA. For each element, the component of the magnetic field that is normal to the...

Magnetic Damping

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...

Magnetic Vector Potential

Magnetic Vector Potential

In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
Consider an ideal solenoid with n turns per unit length and radius R. If I is the current through the solenoid, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is expressed as the product of vacuum...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Preparation and 3D Tracking of Catalytic Swimming Devices

Preparation and 3D Tracking of Catalytic Swimming Devices

Published on: July 1, 2016

Highly Efficient Freestyle Magnetic Nanoswimmer.

Tianlong Li^1,2, Jinxing Li¹, Konstantin I Morozov³

¹Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.

|July 6, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel magnetic nanorobot with a two-arm "freestyle" swimming motion for efficient propulsion at the nanoscale. This breakthrough offers enhanced speed and control for potential biomedical applications.

Keywords:

Nanorobot kinetic optimization magnetic actuation nonplanar propulsion synchronized oscillation

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Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Robotics
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Microorganism-inspired magnetic micro/nanorobots utilize artificial flagella for propulsion.
Development of novel nanoswimmer geometries necessitates exploration of new kinetic optimization modes.
Human freestyle swimming is recognized for its high efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a new type of magnetic nanorobot with a symmetric, multilinked, two-arm structure.
To investigate the 'freestyle' swimming capability of this nanorobot at low Reynolds numbers.
To demonstrate a novel nonplanar propulsion gait powered by a planar oscillatory magnetic field.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a symmetric, multilinked, two-arm magnetic nanorobot.
Experimental observation and theoretical prediction of nanorobot locomotion.
Analysis of propulsion gait under combined magnetic field and viscous forces.

Main Results:

The two-arm nanorobot demonstrated efficient 'freestyle' swimming, achieving speeds up to 12 body lengths per second.
Synchronized oscillatory deformations of the nanorobot arms were identified as the primary propulsion mechanism.
The nonplanar propulsion gait, powered by a planar oscillatory magnetic field, proved more efficient than chiral nanohelical swimmers.

Conclusions:

A novel 'freestyle' swimming mechanism for magnetic nanorobots has been successfully demonstrated.
The developed two-arm nanorobot exhibits high propulsion efficiency, speed control, and remote navigation capabilities.
This new swimming strategy opens avenues for advanced remotely actuated nanorobots in nanoscale biomedical operations.