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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
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Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
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Retrieval01:12

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Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

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Learning and using knowledge about what other people do and don't know despite amnesia.

Si On Yoon1, Melissa C Duff2, Sarah Brown-Schmidt3

  • 1Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|August 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with amnesia can still tailor their communication to a partner's knowledge, demonstrating intact common ground abilities. This suggests memory impairment does not affect this crucial aspect of social cognition.

Keywords:
AmnesiaCommon groundDeclarative memoryHippocampusPartner-specific dialogue

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Successful communication relies on understanding a partner's knowledge state.
  • Declarative memory impairment (amnesia) may affect the ability to track common ground.
  • The neural basis of common ground tracking remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether declarative memory impairment affects the acquisition and use of partner-specific knowledge in communication.
  • To examine the role of memory systems in supporting common ground formation during conversation.

Main Methods:

  • A neuropsychological approach comparing healthy adults and patients with amnesia.
  • Utilized a referential communication task involving describing abstract images (tangrams).
  • Assessed participants' ability to adapt language based on shared knowledge with familiar versus new partners.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with amnesia successfully adapted their language to their conversational partner's knowledge, similar to healthy controls.
  • Participants with amnesia used shorter descriptions for familiar partners and longer, more descriptive ones for new partners.
  • This indicates intact acquisition and use of partner-specific knowledge for common ground in amnesia.

Conclusions:

  • Declarative memory impairment does not disrupt the ability to establish and utilize common ground in communication.
  • The findings highlight a remarkable sparing of common ground abilities in amnesia.
  • This has significant implications for understanding the memory systems supporting conversational language and social cognition.