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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Epidemic Dynamics in Open Quantum Spin Systems.

Carlos Pérez-Espigares1, Matteo Marcuzzi1, Ricardo Gutiérrez1,2

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom and Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-equilibrium Systems, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores epidemic spreading in classical and quantum systems using Rydberg atoms. It reveals distinct nonequilibrium phase transitions driven by classical or quantum dominance, with implications for laser-driven atom experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • Investigates open many-body systems exhibiting epidemic spreading dynamics.
  • Motivated by experiments with Rydberg atoms, where excitation competes with decay.
  • Models population dynamics with healthy, infected, and immune states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore nonequilibrium evolution and stationary states in classical and quantum regimes.
  • To understand epidemic spreading dynamics in open many-body systems.
  • To analyze phase transitions influenced by classical versus quantum effects.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical exploration of epidemic spreading models.
  • Analysis of systems in classical and quantum regimes.
  • Focus on two-dimensional lattice dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct nonequilibrium phase transitions based on classical or quantum dominance.
  • Demonstrated that system behavior differs significantly between classical and quantum regimes.
  • Discussed the role of long-range interactions in these transitions.

Conclusions:

  • Rydberg atom systems can model open quantum versions of epidemic spreading.
  • Nonequilibrium phase transitions are observable and depend on system regime.
  • Findings are relevant for experiments with laser-driven Rydberg gases.