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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Thermal Strain01:19

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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Shearing Strain01:20

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

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When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
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Measurements of Strain01:27

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Strain and Elastic Modulus01:15

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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Monitoring Intraspecies Competition in a Bacterial Cell Population by Cocultivation of Fluorescently Labelled Strains
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Evolution and Strain Variation in BCG.

Abdallah M Abdallah1, Marcel A Behr2

  • 1Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Abdallah.abdallah@kaust.edu.sa.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine strains have evolved significantly since their development, leading to genomic and phenotypic variations among producers. Understanding this BCG variability is crucial for optimizing global immunization strategies.

Keywords:
BCGProtectionStrainTuberculosisVaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines were developed through in vitro passage between 1908-1921.
  • Subsequent global distribution led to diverse passaging conditions and the emergence of distinct BCG variants.

Observation:

  • Over decades, different BCG production laboratories observed strain variations.
  • Lyophilization in the 1950s-1960s stabilized BCG products, but significant strain evolution had already occurred.
  • Modern research reveals genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic differences between BCG strains.

Findings:

  • Molecular disparities between BCG strains correlate with observed in vitro phenotypic variations, including differences in antigenic protein secretion.
  • These molecular and phenotypic variations contribute to the heterogeneity of BCG vaccine efficacy.

Implications:

  • The clinical relevance of BCG strain variability for immunization policy requires further investigation.
  • Understanding BCG evolution and variability is essential for informing global vaccination strategies and improving tuberculosis control.
  • Continued research into BCG strain differences may lead to more effective vaccine development and deployment.