Understanding the virulence of Streptococcus suis: A veterinary, medical, and economic challenge

Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen worldwide and causes considerable economic losses in the swine industry. S. suis is also an emerging zoonotic agent, mainly in Asia. In pigs and humans, S. suis can cause septicemia, pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, and meningitis with irreversible sequelae. Identification and characterization of the virulence factors produced by S. suis are major advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections and has therefore opened promising avenues for vaccine development against this pathogen. This literature review aimed to update the current knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of S. suis and of the vaccination strategies tested until now.