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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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A REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL MODELS OF STRAY RADIATION EXPOSURES FROM PHOTON- AND PROTON-BEAM RADIOTHERAPIES.

W D Newhauser1,2, C Schneider1, L Wilson1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|November 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced radiation therapy techniques like intensity-modulated photon therapy and proton therapy reduce cancer treatment morbidity. New algorithms are needed to calculate stray radiation dose and minimize risks of radiogenic second cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiological Health

Background:

  • External-beam radiation therapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, with survival rates exceeding 70% for adults.
  • Focus is shifting towards minimizing treatment-related morbidity and long-term side effects.
  • Advanced techniques like intensity-modulated photon therapy and proton therapy improve dose conformity to tumors but introduce stray radiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review progress in developing stray dose algorithms for clinical use.
  • To highlight the current state of physics-based dose algorithms for intensity-modulated photon radiotherapy and proton therapy.
  • To address the need for risk assessment of radiogenic second cancers in radiation therapy planning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in physics-based dose algorithms.
  • Focus on algorithms applicable to intensity-modulated photon radiotherapy and proton therapy.
  • Discussion of methods for calculating stray radiation exposure.

Main Results:

  • Stray radiation from advanced radiotherapy increases the risk of secondary cancers.
  • Current clinical practice lacks routine stray radiation dose calculation and risk assessment.
  • Progress is being made in developing algorithms for clinical application.

Conclusions:

  • Minimizing stray radiation exposure is crucial for reducing treatment-related morbidity.
  • Development of robust stray dose algorithms is essential for clinical practice.
  • Further research and implementation of these algorithms can improve patient safety and outcomes.