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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions
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Langerhans Cells-Programmed by the Epidermis.

Kalum Clayton1, Andres F Vallejo1, James Davies1

  • 1Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Immunology
|December 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Langerhans cells (LCs) in the skin act as sentinels, controlling immune responses by sensing their environment. Their unique biology is shaped by the epidermis, distinguishing them from other immune cells.

Keywords:
Langerhans cellscross-presentationdendritic cellsepidermisgene regulatory networksimmune regulationmacrophagestranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermal immune sentinels.
  • They dictate adaptive immune responses, balancing tolerance and inflammation.
  • LCs interpret microenvironmental cues to determine immune outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel findings on Langerhans cell (LC) origin and function.
  • To analyze transcriptomic programs and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in LCs.
  • To elucidate the role of the epidermal microenvironment in programming LC biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review and meta-analysis of publicly available transcriptomic datasets.
  • In silico analysis of gene regulatory networks (GRNs).
  • Analysis of epidermal pro-inflammatory signals on human and murine LCs.

Main Results:

  • LCs are distinct from conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages.
  • The epidermal microenvironment plays a primary role in programming LC biology.
  • LCs maintain a stable molecular network under homeostasis and stress.
  • LCs share transcriptomic modules with other DCs for cross-presentation.

Conclusions:

  • The epidermis is crucial for shaping Langerhans cell (LC) function.
  • LCs possess unique molecular networks adapted for epidermal localization.
  • Future omics investigations will further clarify LC molecular mechanisms.