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Related Concept Videos

Shear Diagram01:27

Shear Diagram

1.7K
In the study of beam mechanics, shear diagrams play a crucial role in understanding the distribution of shear forces along the length of a beam. Consider a beam AB that is supported at both ends and subjected to perpendicular loads.
First, a free-body diagram of the beam is drawn, representing all the external forces and internal reactions acting on the beam. One can calculate the reaction forces at each support by employing the equilibrium equations of force and moment. The vertical component...
1.7K
Shearing Stress01:19

Shearing Stress

2.1K
Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (Ď„), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
2.1K
Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

1.5K
The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
1.5K
Normal and Shear Force01:14

Normal and Shear Force

3.4K
When a beam is subjected to different loads, such as weight, pressure, or other external forces, internal forces are generated within the beam. These forces can have a significant impact on the overall stability and strength of the structure. Engineers use various methods to analyze and determine the magnitude and direction of these internal forces. One common technique used to determine internal forces in beams is the method of sections. This method involves considering an imaginary point or...
3.4K
Singularity Functions for Shear01:26

Singularity Functions for Shear

459
In structural analysis, singularity functions are crucial in simplifying the representation of shear forces in beams under discontinuous loading. These functions describe discontinuous  variations in shear force across a beam with varying loads by using a single mathematical expression, regardless of the complexity of the loading conditions. The singularity functions are derived from creating a free-body diagram of the beam and then making conceptual cuts at specific points to examine the...
459
The Fluid Mosaic Model01:34

The Fluid Mosaic Model

180.4K
The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids
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Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids

Published on: January 3, 2014

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Swimming efficiency in a shear-thinning fluid.

Herve Nganguia1, Kyle Pietrzyk1, On Shun Pak1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA.

Physical Review. E
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Microbial locomotion in shear-thinning fluids can be more efficient than in simple fluids. Optimizing swimming gaits and designs can significantly enhance energy efficiency for micro-organisms and artificial swimmers.

Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Biophysics
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Microbial locomotion requires energy expenditure.
  • Swimming efficiency in Newtonian fluids is understood, but less so in complex, shear-thinning biological fluids.
  • Nonlinear rheology's impact on micro-swimmer efficiency is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how shear-thinning rheology affects micro-organism locomotion efficiency.
  • To determine the relationship between swimmer propulsion mechanisms, fluid rheology, and swimming efficiency.
  • To identify conditions that optimize swimming efficiency in shear-thinning fluids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the squirmer model as a generalized locomotion model for various swimmers.
  • Analyzed the influence of surface velocity distribution on squirmer efficiency.

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The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress
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The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress

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The Mouse Forced Swim Test
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The Mouse Forced Swim Test

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids
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Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids

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The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress
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The Mouse Forced Swim Test
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The Mouse Forced Swim Test

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  • Investigated the impact of varying shear rates on swimming efficiency.

    • Main Results:

    • Shear-thinning rheology can either reduce or enhance swimming efficiency depending on the squirmer's surface velocity distribution.
    • Optimal shear rates were identified where efficiency is substantially improved compared to Newtonian fluids.
    • Swimming efficiency exhibits nontrivial variations with changes in rheological properties and propulsion.

    Conclusions:

    • Micro-organisms may adapt their swimming gaits to leverage shear-thinning properties for efficient locomotion.
    • Findings offer guidance for designing artificial micro-swimmers for enhanced performance in complex media.
    • Understanding shear-thinning effects is crucial for both biological and artificial micro-swimming.