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Coccidioidomycosis Outbreaks, United States and Worldwide, 1940-2015

Michael Freedman, Brendan R Jackson, Orion McCotter

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |February 21, 2018
    PubMed

    Insights

    Coccidioidomycosis outbreaks, often linked to environmental exposures like dust storms, highlight the fungus

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Mycology
    • Epidemiology
    • Environmental Health

    Background:

    • Coccidioidomycosis, a fungal infection endemic to arid regions of the Americas, causes significant morbidity and mortality annually in the United States.
    • Sporadic cases are common, but coccidioidomycosis outbreaks offer critical insights into disease transmission, clinical manifestations, and environmental risk factors.

    Observation:

    • A global review identified 47 coccidioidomycosis outbreaks (1940-2015) involving 1,464 cases.
    • Eighty-five percent of outbreaks stemmed from environmental exposures, with major events linked to an earthquake and a dust storm.
    • Over a third of outbreaks occurred in previously non-endemic areas, and more than half involved occupational exposures.

    Findings:

    • Coccidioidomycosis outbreaks are frequently associated with specific environmental disturbances and occupational activities.
    • The geographic range of Coccidioides fungi appears to be expanding, with outbreaks occurring in new regions.
    • Challenges in outbreak detection and prevention persist due to uncertainties regarding control methods and personal protective equipment efficacy.

    Implications:

    • Increased awareness of coccidioidomycosis outbreak potential is crucial for public health professionals and healthcare providers.
    • Enhanced surveillance and risk assessment are needed in both endemic and newly identified areas.
    • Further research into effective environmental and personal protective strategies is warranted to mitigate Coccidioidomycosis transmission during outbreaks.
    Keywords:
    CoccidioidomycosisUnited StatesValley fevercoccidioidesdisease outbreaksepidemiologyfungiworldwide

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