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Updated: Feb 13, 2026
10:11
Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Published on: October 22, 2014
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POSTERIOR FUNDUS HEMORRHAGES: Frequency and Associated Factors: The Beijing Eye Study
Jin Qiong Zhou1, Ya Xing Wang2, Liang Xu2
1Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|March 14, 2018
Summary
Retinal hemorrhages affect 8% of eyes and 13% of individuals over 50. While ocular conditions like diabetic retinopathy cause many, elevated systolic blood pressure is linked to nearly 40% of hemorrhages without clear eye causes.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Public Health
- Cardiovascular Health
Background:
- Retinal hemorrhages are a significant indicator of various ocular and systemic conditions.
- Understanding their prevalence and associated factors is crucial for early detection and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the frequency of retinal hemorrhages in a population-based cohort.
- To investigate the associations between retinal hemorrhages and various ocular and systemic factors, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and hypertension.
Main Methods:
- The study analyzed monoscopic fundus photographs from 3,468 participants in the Beijing Eye Study.
- Prevalence rates and odds ratios were calculated using multivariate analysis.
Main Results:
- Retinal hemorrhages were found in 7.6% of eyes and 13% of individuals.
- Significant associations were observed with higher systolic blood pressure (OR: 1.02), diabetic retinopathy (OR: 121), and retinal vein occlusions (OR: 27).
- Diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions accounted for the majority of identified causes, but 40% of hemorrhages had no evident ocular cause (NOH) and were linked to elevated systolic blood pressure.
Conclusions:
- The prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in individuals aged 50+ is substantial.
- While ocular diseases are primary causes, elevated systolic blood pressure is a key independent risk factor, particularly for hemorrhages without apparent ocular origins.
- These findings highlight the importance of monitoring blood pressure in the context of retinal health.
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