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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
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Noncoding RNAs and Stroke.

Xuejing Zhang1, Milton H Hamblin2, Ke-Jie Yin1

  • 11 Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry
|April 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New research highlights noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) as promising biomarkers for early stroke detection and potential therapeutic targets. These molecules offer advantages over traditional markers for managing neurovascular damage.

Keywords:
circular RNAlong-noncoding RNAmicroRNAnoncoding RNAstroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Extensive research aims to mitigate stroke-induced neurovascular damage, including blood-brain barrier issues, edema, inflammation, and cell death.
  • Current acute ischemic stroke treatment is limited to thrombolysis, which has a narrow therapeutic window and necessitates novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), untranslated regulatory RNA molecules, have emerged as critical posttranscriptional regulators in stroke pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of ncRNAs in stroke.
  • To focus on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) as stroke biomarkers.
  • To explore lncRNAs and circRNAs as therapeutic targets for regulating gene expression in stroke-related pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on ncRNAs in stroke.
  • Focus on studies investigating lncRNAs and circRNAs.
  • Analysis of the role of ncRNAs in gene regulation and as potential therapeutic targets.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs are key mediators of posttranscriptional gene expression in ischemic stroke.
  • ncRNAs demonstrate stability, specificity, and reproducibility, making them superior to proteins and genes as biomarkers.
  • lncRNAs and circRNAs show potential as biomarkers for early stroke recognition and as therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs, particularly lncRNAs and circRNAs, represent a significant advancement in stroke research.
  • Their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets warrants further investigation for improved stroke management.
  • Developing ncRNA-based strategies could overcome limitations of current thrombolytic therapy.