Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Manipulating Interfacial Water Molecules via Eutectic-Polymer Dual-Network for Stable Electrochromic Devices.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

Wafer-scale growth of highly stable p-type semiconducting monolayer MoSi<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub> single crystals.

Nature materials·2026

Same author

Designing and mapping cascade catalysis pathway for balanced polysulfide conversion in Li-S batteries.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Machine learning-assisted design of carbon nanotube edge computing circuits for monolithic epidermal systems.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Layer-number-parity-dependent abnormal magnetic ordering in few-layer CrI3 on N-face AlN substrate.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Electrically functionalized body surface for deep-tissue bioelectrical recording.

Nature biomedical engineering·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

Strain-Tuning Atomic Substitution in Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals.

Honglai Li¹, Hongjun Liu², Linwei Zhou³

¹Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China.

|April 25, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Atomic substitution in 2D materials is driven by strain, with two key mechanisms identified. This discovery enables precise control over material properties for advanced electronic and optical applications.

Keywords:

atomic substitution composition engineering mechanism strain two-dimensional material

More Related Videos

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Published on: July 17, 2015

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Published on: October 25, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Published on: July 17, 2015

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Published on: October 25, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Atomic substitution is crucial for engineering properties of 2D nanostructures.
The underlying reaction mechanisms for atomic substitution in 2D materials remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the atomic substitution mechanism in two-dimensional (2D) atomic layered materials.
To investigate the role of lattice strain in tuning the substitution process.

Main Methods:

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to model strain-tuning mechanisms.
Experimental synthesis to confirm theoretical predictions.
Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations for theoretical verification.

Main Results:

Identified two dominant strain-tuning mechanisms: self-promoted and self-limited substitution.
Experimentally demonstrated controllable graded substitution ratios by adjusting temperature and time.
The substitution process is fundamentally linked to the lattice constant (strain) of the 2D material.

Conclusions:

Strain-tuning mechanisms provide a fundamental understanding of atomic substitution in 2D materials.
This understanding allows for precise control over material composition and properties.
Offers a pathway for tailoring electronic and optical characteristics of 2D layered materials.