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Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
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Gastric motility is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles that convert ingested food into chyme, a semi-liquid substance ready for further digestion in the intestines. The process begins with the vagus nerve inducing the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the fundus and body of the stomach, allowing these regions to expand and accommodate up to approximately 1.5 liters of food and liquid.
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Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering
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Reconfigurable engineered motile semiconductor microparticles.

Ugonna Ohiri1,2, C Wyatt Shields1,3, Koohee Han1,3

  • 1NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), Durham, NC, 27708, USA.

Nature Communications
|May 5, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered semiconductor microparticles can be precisely controlled using electric fields for active locomotion and on-demand assembly. This breakthrough in active matter enables new possibilities for micro-robotics and computational systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Engineering

Background:

  • Active matter relies on locally energized particles for locomotion and assembly.
  • Existing active particles offer limited control over disassembly and reconfiguration.
  • Advanced control over active particle behavior is crucial for next-generation applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new class of semiconductor microparticles with tunable properties.
  • To demonstrate precise control over microparticle locomotion, assembly, and disassembly.
  • To explore the potential of these engineered particles in various advanced applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing standard microfabrication tools to design silicon microparticles (size, shape, electric polarizability, patterned coatings).
  • Employing external electric fields to power microparticle motion and interactions via electrokinetic effects (dielectrophoresis, induced charge electrophoresis, diode propulsion).
  • Analyzing hydrodynamic interactions and synchronized motility for controlled assembly and disassembly.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated on-demand locomotion and reversible assembly of custom silicon microparticles.
  • Showcased selective powering of microparticle motions and interactions using various electrokinetic phenomena.
  • Achieved tractable fluid flows and synchronized motility in engineered microparticle systems.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered silicon microparticles offer robust control over active assembly, disassembly, and reconfiguration.
  • These particles can be remotely powered and precisely manipulated for complex tasks.
  • Potential applications include microsensors, artificial muscles, and reconfigurable computational systems.