Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Statistical Significance

Statistical Significance

Once data is collected from both the experimental and the control groups, a statistical analysis is conducted to find out if there are meaningful differences between the two groups. A statistical analysis determines how likely any difference found is due to chance (and thus not meaningful). In psychology, group differences are considered meaningful, or significant, if the odds that these differences occurred by chance alone are 5 percent or less. Stated another way, if we repeated this...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Probability in Statistics

Probability in Statistics

Probability is the likelihood of an event occurring. The term event is defined as a collection of results of a procedure. An event is a simple event when an outcome cannot be divided into simpler parts.
An example of a simple event is a coin toss. The result of a coin toss is either a head or a tail. Here, head and tail are two simple events. These two simple events make up the sample space. Further, the probability of an event occurring falls within the range of 0 to 1. The probability of an...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Layer Codes as Partially Self-Correcting Quantum Memories.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Quantum learning advantage on a scalable photonic platform.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Low-overhead transversal fault tolerance for universal quantum computation.

Nature·2025

Same author

Hardware-efficient quantum error correction via concatenated bosonic qubits.

Nature·2025

Same author

Entanglement-Enabled Advantage for Learning a Bosonic Random Displacement Channel.

Physical review letters·2024

Same author

Predictive Factors for the Healing of Rotator Cuff Repairs.

Cureus·2024

Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Mechanical Mapping of Spheroids Using Brillouin Spectroscopy

Mechanical Mapping of Spheroids Using Brillouin Spectroscopy

Published on: December 12, 2025

Three-Dimensional Color Code Thresholds via Statistical-Mechanical Mapping.

Aleksander Kubica^1,2,3, Michael E Beverland^1,4, Fernando Brandão^1,4

¹Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|May 19, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores 3D color codes for quantum computing, finding error thresholds of 1.9% for bit-flip and 27.6% for phase-flip errors. These findings are crucial for developing robust quantum computers.

More Related Videos

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Published on: May 6, 2014

Determining heat and mechanical pain threshold in inflamed skin of human subjects

Determining heat and mechanical pain threshold in inflamed skin of human subjects

Published on: January 14, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Mechanical Mapping of Spheroids Using Brillouin Spectroscopy

Mechanical Mapping of Spheroids Using Brillouin Spectroscopy

Published on: December 12, 2025

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Published on: May 6, 2014

Determining heat and mechanical pain threshold in inflamed skin of human subjects

Determining heat and mechanical pain threshold in inflamed skin of human subjects

Published on: January 14, 2009

Area of Science:

Quantum Information Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Computational Physics

Background:

Three-dimensional (3D) color codes offer enhanced fault tolerance for quantum computing.
They provide protected quantum gates with lower overhead and better robustness against measurement errors.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the storage threshold error rates for bit-flip and phase-flip noise in the 3D color code (3DCC) on a body-centered cubic lattice.
To estimate thresholds for 1D stringlike and 2D sheetlike logical operators under ideal syndrome measurement conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a connection between quantum error correction and statistical mechanics.
Employing parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulations.
Studying disorder-temperature phase diagrams of novel 3D statistical-mechanical models (four- and six-body random coupling Ising models).

Main Results:

Estimated threshold error rate for 1D stringlike logical operators: p_{3DCC}^{(1)} ≃ 1.9%.
Estimated threshold error rate for 2D sheetlike logical operators: p_{3DCC}^{(2)} ≃ 27.6%.

Conclusions:

The 3D color code on the body-centered cubic lattice demonstrates significant potential for fault-tolerant quantum computation.
The established thresholds provide critical benchmarks for designing and implementing robust quantum memory and gates.