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Related Concept Videos

Personal Identity01:25

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Personal identity is the deeply felt sense of self that individuals cultivate over time, intricately woven from intrinsic qualities they consider essential to their existence—qualities such as morality, intelligence, and friendliness. These attributes serve as vital internal benchmarks, guiding individuals in evaluating whether their actions resonate with their true selves.When personal identity takes center stage in one's life, individuals often emphasize their distinctiveness,...
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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Personality encompasses a set of enduring traits and behavioral patterns that define how individuals think, feel, and interact, ultimately shaping their unique identities. The concept of personality has deep historical roots, deriving from the Latin term "persona," which means "mask." This term initially referred to the roles played by actors in ancient theater, signifying the different facets individuals display in various contexts.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram
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Personalized neurology.

Kewal K Jain1

  • 1Jain PharmaBiotech , Chief Executive Officer, Bläsiring 7, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland Tel; Fax; E-mail: jain @pharmabiotech.ch.

Personalized Medicine
|May 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Personalized medicine uses pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic data to tailor treatments for individuals, improving neurological disorder management. This approach prioritizes optimal efficacy and safety over traditional trial-and-error methods.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseParkinson's diseaseindividualized treatmentmigrainemultiple sclerosisneurogenomicsneurologyneuropharmacologyneuroproteomicspersonalized medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics
  • Neurology and Therapeutics

Background:

  • Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individual patients using genetic and genomic information.
  • Current trial-and-error methods for selecting therapeutics can be suboptimal in terms of efficacy and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the benefits of personalized medicine in managing neurological disorders.
  • To discuss the role of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in optimizing therapeutic selection.
  • To explore the potential of gene therapy and RNA interference in personalized neurological treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of molecular diagnostics with therapeutic strategies.
  • Analysis of pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic data for individual patient profiles.
  • Review of emerging technologies like gene therapy and RNA interference.

Main Results:

  • Personalized medicine offers improved efficacy and safety compared to traditional approaches.
  • Specific neurological conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and migraine can benefit significantly.
  • Gene therapy and RNA interference are key enablers for future personalized neurological treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Personalized medicine, guided by pharmacogenetics, represents a paradigm shift in neurological practice.
  • This approach promises more effective and safer treatments for a range of neurological disorders.
  • While not universally required, personalized medicine is expected to become integral to neurological care in the near future.