Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
Published on: February 14, 2017
Advanced cardiac MRI techniques for evaluation of left-sided valvular heart disease
Carmen P S Blanken1, Emile S Farag2, S Matthijs Boekholdt3
1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Abstract:
The most common types of left-sided valvular heart disease (VHD) in the Western world are aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation, and mitral valve regurgitation. Comprehensive clinical evaluation entails both hemodynamic analysis and structural as well as functional characterization of the left ventricle. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an established diagnostic modality for assessment of left-sided VHD and is progressively gaining ground in modern-day clinical practice. Detailed flow visualization and quantification of flow-related biomarkers in VHD can be obtained using 4D flow MRI, an imaging technique capable of measuring blood flow in three orthogonal directions over time. In addition, recent MRI sequences enable myocardial tissue characterization and strain analysis. In this review we discuss the emerging potential of state-of-the-art MRI including 4D flow MRI, tissue mapping, and strain quantification for the diagnosis and prognosis of left-sided VHD.
Level Of Evidence:
1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2018;48:318-329.
Related Concept Videos
Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization
Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization
Anatomy of the Heart
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

