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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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In systems where values diminish by a constant proportion at each stage, the resulting sequence follows a geometric structure. Each new value in the sequence is obtained by applying a fixed multiplier to the preceding term. This regular, proportional decline type is often used to represent processes involving gradual loss, such as energy dissipation or reduction in amplitude over time.When analyzing the total effect of such a process across unlimited iterations, the series of values is referred...
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Diffusion01:12

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Description
Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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A feasible study on using multiplexed sensitivity-encoding to reduce geometric distortion in diffusion-weighted echo

Xinyuan Chen1, Ye Zhang1, Ying Cao1

  • 1National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|September 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Multiplexed sensitivity-encoding diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging (MUSE-DWEPI) significantly reduces geometric distortion compared to single-shot diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging (SS-DWEPI). This improvement makes MUSE-DWEPI a promising technique for enhancing precision in brain radiotherapy planning.

Keywords:
Brain radiotherapyDiffusion-weighted echo planar imagingGeometric distortionMulti-shot acquisitionMultiplexed sensitivity-encoding

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Area of Science:

  • Radiotherapy
  • Medical Imaging
  • Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

Background:

  • Single-shot echo planar imaging (SS-EPI) is standard for diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in radiation treatment planning.
  • Geometric distortion in SS-DWEPI limits its accuracy for precision radiotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate multiplexed sensitivity-encoding DWI (MUSE-DWEPI) for reducing geometric distortions in brain radiotherapy.
  • To assess MUSE-DWEPI's potential for improving the utility of DWI in radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Phantom studies compared geometric distortion (%GD) between MUSE-DWEPI and SS-DWEPI.
  • Patient studies (n=10) compared distortion levels using T2 PROPELLER as reference.
  • Tumor targets and brain regions were delineated to quantify distortion using Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff Distance (HD).

Main Results:

  • MUSE-DWEPI showed reduced %GD (2-3%) compared to SS-DWEPI (7-8%) in phantom studies.
  • Mean relative displacement of control points was lower for MUSE-DWEPI (2.17 mm) than SS-DWEPI (4.45 mm).
  • Patient studies demonstrated significantly higher DSC and lower HD with MUSE-DWEPI (p < .01), with a mean HD improvement of 3.65 mm.

Conclusions:

  • MUSE-DWEPI offers significant improvements in reducing geometric distortion over SS-DWEPI.
  • MUSE-DWEPI is a promising technique for enhancing DWI accuracy in brain radiotherapy.