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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53
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Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

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Transposons, p53 and Genome Security.

Bhavana Tiwari1, Amanda E Jones1, John M Abrams1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|September 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The tumor suppressor p53 (also known as TP53) normally controls cell growth and prevents cancer. New research suggests p53 loss may allow mobile genetic elements called transposons to drive cancer development.

Keywords:
cancermobile elementsp53 biologyretrotransposonstransposonstransrepression

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Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • The tumor suppressor p53 is a critical regulator of cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis.
  • Emerging evidence indicates p53 possesses functions beyond its canonical roles, including the ancient mechanism of controlling mobile genetic elements (transposons).
  • Mutations in p53 are frequent in human cancers, suggesting a link between p53 dysfunction and oncogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between conserved p53 biology and the regulation of transposons.
  • To explore the hypothesis that unrestrained transposons, due to p53 loss, contribute to human malignancies.
  • To demonstrate the utility of p53-deficient cells for studying transposon behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on p53 functions and transposon biology.
  • Analysis of conserved features linking p53 to transposon control.
  • Experimental approaches using p53-deficient cell models to study transposon activity.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports a conserved role for p53 in suppressing transposon activity.
  • p53 loss can lead to the activation and mobilization of transposons.
  • Unrestrained transposons in p53-deficient cells may promote genomic instability and contribute to cancer formation.

Conclusions:

  • p53 plays a crucial role in maintaining genome stability by controlling transposons.
  • Loss of p53 function can unleash transposons, potentially driving cancer progression.
  • Targeting transposon activity in p53-mutant cancers may offer novel therapeutic strategies.