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Related Concept Videos

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The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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The oral stage is the initial phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, occurring from birth to approximately 12 to 18 months. During this period, the infant's mouth serves as the primary source of pleasure, with actions such as sucking, chewing, biting, and drinking playing a crucial role in reducing tension. These activities are essential not only for nourishment but also for the infant's psychological and emotional satisfaction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Self-Assessment Protocol for Predicting Psoriatic Arthritis in Psoriasis Patients
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Oral small molecules for psoriasis.

Sanminder Singh1, April W Armstrong2

  • 1University of California Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.

Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
|September 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New oral small molecules offer treatment options for moderate to severe psoriasis. Apremilast is approved, while tofacitinib and ponesimod show efficacy but require further study for their benefit-risk profiles.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease causing significant physical and psychosocial distress.
  • Moderate to severe cases necessitate systemic treatments like oral therapies and biologics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review oral small molecules for psoriasis treatment.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of apremilast, tofacitinib, and ponesimod.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical studies and safety data.
  • Comparative analysis of approved and investigational oral small molecules for psoriasis.

Main Results:

  • Apremilast is the only approved oral small molecule for psoriasis, with a tolerable safety profile and proven efficacy.
  • Tofacitinib and ponesimod demonstrate clinical efficacy but require further investigation.
  • Limited head-to-head comparisons exist between these oral systemic agents.

Conclusions:

  • Oral small molecules represent a growing treatment option for psoriasis.
  • Apremilast offers a favorable benefit-risk profile.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the benefit-risk profiles of tofacitinib and ponesimod in psoriasis management.