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Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.9K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.9K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.7K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.5K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.5K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

10.3K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
10.3K
Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

38.2K
Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
38.2K
Overview of Functional Groups01:19

Overview of Functional Groups

15.8K
Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, certain functional groups will make a molecule hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional group is a unique...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: April 10, 2019

8.2K

Necrotizing Fasciitis: An Overview and 2 Illustrative Cases.

Daniel L Kapp1, Montanah Rogers2, Michel H E Hermans3

  • 11 Jupiter Medical Center, Jupiter, FL, USA.

The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe skin infection requiring surgical removal of dead tissue. A hyaluronic-based matrix shows promise for preparing large surgical defects for skin grafting.

Keywords:
diagnosisextracellular matrixhyaluronic acidnecrotizing fasciitistreatment

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Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressive, life-threatening infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
  • Standard treatment involves aggressive surgical debridement of necrotic tissue and systemic support.
  • Large resulting defects often necessitate complex wound closure strategies, including autografts.

Observation:

  • The study reviews symptoms and treatment of necrotizing fasciitis.
  • Two case studies demonstrate the application of a hyaluronic-based extracellular matrix.
  • This matrix is used to reconstruct lost dermal tissue and prepare the wound bed.

Findings:

  • The hyaluronic-based extracellular matrix effectively promotes neodermis formation.
  • It creates a suitable wound bed environment for subsequent autografting.
  • This approach addresses challenges associated with large defects post-debridement.

Implications:

  • Hyaluronic-based matrices offer a potential adjunct in managing extensive necrotizing fasciitis defects.
  • This regenerative approach may improve outcomes and reduce morbidity associated with large-scale debridement.
  • Further research can explore the long-term efficacy and broader applications of extracellular matrices in reconstructive surgery.