Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Secukinumab in Moderate-to-Severe Graves Orbitopathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2025

Same author

Retinal microstructual and microvascular changes in mucopolysaccharidoses.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie·2025

Same author

Proof-of-concept and Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trials of an FcRn Inhibitor, Batoclimab, for Thyroid Eye Disease.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2023

Same author

Imaging of the medial rectus muscle predicts the development of optic neuropathy in thyroid eye disease.

Scientific reports·2022

Same author

Sinogenic Orbital Complications.

Deutsches Arzteblatt international·2021

Same author

Retinal thinning in phenylketonuria and Gaucher disease type 3.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie·2021

Same journal

Corneal Neurotisation in Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Retrospective Analysis of Functional Outcomes and Clinical Courses.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2026

Same journal

Evaluating the Long-term Success and Safety of Canaloplasty in Glaucoma Patients.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2026

Same journal

Imbalanced Trace Elements as Risk Factors in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2026

Same journal

Malnutrition as a Risk Factor for Cerebral and Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration - Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2026

Same journal

Impact of Wearing a Face Mask on the Reliability of Standard Automated Perimetry in Glaucoma Patients and Suspects: a Retrospective Longitudinal Study.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2026

Same journal

[Siderotic Cataract Eight Months After Intralenticular Metallic Foreign Body: A Case Report and Surgical Management].

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

[Primary Orbital Liposarcoma].

Marina Guchlerner¹, Susanne Pitz¹

¹Orbitazentrum, Bürgerhospital und Clementine Kinderhospital gemeinnützige GmbH, Frankfurt am Main.

Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde

|December 20, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare orbital liposarcoma initially misdiagnosed as spindle cell lipoma presented as eye proptosis and pain. Surgical debulking and exenteration with radiotherapy were required for treatment.

More Related Videos

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Published on: December 5, 2025

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Published on: April 11, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Published on: December 5, 2025

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Published on: April 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Oncology
Genetics

Background:

Orbital masses can present with subtle symptoms like proptosis, potentially delaying diagnosis.
Spindle cell lipoma is a benign tumor, but differentiation from well-differentiated liposarcoma is critical.

Observation:

A 30-year-old male presented with a two-week history of painful left globe subluxation and a two-year history of painless proptosis.
Initial MRI revealed a retrobulbar mass, biopsied and diagnosed as spindle cell lipoma.
Surgical debulking via a transconjunctival approach was performed for proptosis relief.

Findings:

Repeated histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a diagnosis of well-differentiated orbital liposarcoma.
The patient subsequently underwent orbital exenteration and adjuvant radiotherapy.
Genetic testing identified a heterozygote mutation in the ATM-gene on chromosome 11.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of thorough histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis for accurate orbital tumor diagnosis.
The ATM gene mutation may have implications for understanding liposarcoma development and patient prognosis.
Multidisciplinary management, including surgery and radiotherapy, is crucial for treating orbital liposarcoma.